Growth stages booklet pages 24-27

Glossary of terms

Adventitious roots- Roots produced by crown nodes on the main shoot and tillers. Anther-The reproductive portion of a flower which produces and releases the pollen. Anthesis-The time of flowering or pollination. Auricles -A pair of claw-like projections at the junction of the sheath and blade. Axillary tillers- The tillers that emerge from the leaf axils. Blade -The flat expanded portion of a leaf. Coleoptile -The leaf sheath which surrounds and protects the embryonic plant as it emerges from the seed. Coleoptilar- The tiller that emerges from the coleoptilar node. Collar- The junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath. Crown-Several nodes whose internodes do not elongate. Endosperm-The area of starch and protein storage in the kernel. Floret- The flower contained in the spikelet. Glumes- The husk of the spikelet. Growing point- The plant part where differentiation of leaves, tillers and the head occurs. Internode- The region between two successive nodes. Leaf axil- The junction of the leaf with the main stem. Lemma- The outer, lower bract enclosing the flower in a spikelet. Ligule- A short membrane or row of hairs on the inside of the leaf at the junction of the blade and sheath.	Nodes- The area of active cell division from which leaves, tillers and adventitious roots arise. Palea- The inner, upper bract enclosing the flower in a spikelet. Peduncle- The last elongated internode which supports the head. Photosynthate- The products of photosynthesis. Plant growth regulator- A chemical used to inhibit peduncle elongation and increase lodging resistance. Pollen- The powder-like matter produced by the anthers which functions as the male element in pollination. Pollination- Fertilization of the embryo by pollen. Primary tiller- A tiller produced by a node on the main stem. Prophyll- The sheath which encloses the base of a tiller. Radicle- The first root to emerge from the seed. Secondary tiller- A tiller produced by a primary tiller. Seminal roots- The roots originating from the seed. Sheath- The tubular portion of a grass leaf that encloses the stem. Spikelet- Subdivision of the head. Subcrown internode- The internode between the coleoptilar node and the next higher node which elongates to position the crown within one inch of the soil surface in wheat and barley. Tertiary tiller- A tiller produced by a secondary tiller. Tiller- A shoot that arises from buds at the base of a plant. Vernalization- Plants must be subjected to low temperatures for a period of time before they enter the reproductive stages of development.

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References

Anderson, P.M., E.A. Oelke and S.R. Simmons. 1985. Growth and development guide for spring barley. University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension Folder AG-FO-2548. Bauer, A., C. Fanning, J. W. Enz and C. V. Eberlein. 1984. Use of growing degree days to determine spring wheat growth stages. North Dakota Coop. Ext. Ser. EB-37. Fargo, N.D. Bauer, A., A. B. Frank and A. L. Black 1984. Estimation of spring wheat leaf growth rates and anthesis from air temperature. Agron. J. 76:829-835. Bauer, A., A.B. Frank and A.L. Black 1987. Aerial parts of hard red spring wheat. 1. Dry matter distribution by plant development stage. Agron. J. 79:845-852. Bauer, A., D. Smika and A. Black 1983. Correlation of five wheat growth stage scales used in the Great Plains AAT-NC-7. Agricultural Research Service USDA Briggs, D.E., 1978. Barley. Chapman & Hall, London. Dyer, W., P. Fay, P. Rardon and V. Stewart. 1983. The wild oat staging card. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Capsule Information Series Number 30. Haun, J.R., 1973. Visual quantification of wheat development. Agron. J. 65:116-119. Klepper, B., R.W. Rickman and C.M. Peterson. 1982. Quantitative characterization of vegetative development in small cereal grains. Agron. J. 74:789-792. Klepper, B., R.W. Rickman and R.K. Belford. 1983. Leaf and tiller identification on wheat plants. Agron. J. 23:1002-1004. Large, E. C. 1954. Growth Stages in Cereals. Illustrations of the Feekes Scale. Plant Pathol. 3:128-129. Peterson, C.M., B. Klepper and R.W. Rickman. 1982. Tiller development at the coleoptilar node in winter wheat. Agron. J. 74:781-784. Quisenberry, K.S. (Ed.) 1967. wheat and Wheat Improvement. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisc. Simmons, S.R., E.A. Oelke and P.M. Anderson. 1985. Growth and development guide for spring wheat. University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension Folder AG-FO-2547. Stoskopf, N.C. 1985. Cereal Grain Crops. Reston Publishing Company, Inc., Reston, Mont. Waldren, R.P. and A.D. Flowerday, 1979. Growth stages and distribution of dry matter, N, P, and K in winter wheat. Agron, J. 71:391-397. Zadoks, J.C., T.T. Chang and C.F. Konzak, 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Res. 14:415-421.
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Funding and distribution

Funding to facilitate production of this publication was provided by the American Cyanamid Company, Wayne, NJ. Distribution of this publication is in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8, and June 30, 1914, by the Extension Services of Montana State University, James R. Welsh, Director, and of the University of Idaho, H.R. Guenthner, Director. Single copies may be ordered from Extension Publications, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 or contact Ag Publications Building, Building 140, Idaho Street, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 85843 or phone (208) 885-7982. For multiple copies, contact the local American Cyanamid sales representative.
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About the Authors

James E. Nelson is Extension weed specialist and an assistant professor of plant science in the Department of Plant and Soil Science, Montana State University, Bozeman. Kenneth D. Kephart is Extension agronomist and assistant professor of crop science in the Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow. Armand Bauer is a soil scientist at the USDA-ARS Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory Mandan, ND. Jeffrey Connor is a graduate student in the Agricultural and Technology Education Department, Montana State University, Bozeman. The programs of the Montana State University Extension Service and the University of Idaho Extension Service are available to all people regardless of race, creed, color, sex, handicap or national origin.
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MSU Extension Service, Miscellaneous bulletin 4387,Reprinted November 1988 University of Idaho Miscellaneous series 118